The first edition was published in 1950. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development outlined 8 stages that psychological development theory an individual who is healthy goes through. Each stage is characterized by a crisis that either alters or ruins the person’s personality. The theory builds on Freud’s psychosexual stage and also incorporates social influences. While it has been criticized because of its broad definitions however,it is an important aspect of psychological thinking. It also has been helpful in reconceptualizing the way we view middle and late adulthood as times of personal development,rather than an event to be fought over.
The infancy stage is the beginning that lasts about 18 months. In this stage the child is totally dependent on their caregivers. They develop trust through watching their caregivers’ response to their needs,such as feeding and comforting. This is crucial for the development of their self-esteem,as well as their confidence.
The stage of toddlerhood is Erikson’s 2nd stage of psychosocial growth and takes place between 18 months and 2 years. The child develops a independence during this stage,and the outcome or failure of this stage can have a significant impact on the development of their personality and growth. If a child is unable to overcome feelings of fear or guilt during the time of their development,they’ll be battling with them throughout their lives. On the other hand If a child can get through this phase it will allow them to form intimate relationships later on in life.
Preschool is the third stage in Erikson’s theory. It occurs between ages 3 and 5. At this stage,children are learning to interact with others and develop a strong self-belief. This is a time where parents and teachers must focus on encouraging and positive interactions with their children. Positive interactions foster the children’s independence and also provide guidance and encouragement. Negative interactions,such as the indifference and criticism could damage confidence in a child’s self.
The fourth phase of Erikson’s theories is elementary school and it takes place between the six and twelve years of age. This is the stage when a child starts to feel pressured by being accepted by others such as their teachers and classmates. It is also that a child starts to develop their sense of industry or the ability to work hard towards goals and achievements. The children who are praised for their work and encouraged by their instructors will be able to build a feeling of competence and will not be compelled to compare themselves to others.
In the middle of adulthood,people are often focused on career and family life,but this is also the time when many begin to consider their mortality. Some people may feel regret for things they’ve done or not done. If an individual is able to overcome the difficulties of this stage it is likely that they will enjoy a satisfying and rich retirement. If they fail to address these issues they could experience the onset of a midlife crisis that can cause severe mental health issues.